Unique mineral columns in Ikkafjord are thriving again

Written by Nicoline Larsen

Researchers are pleased that the unique ecosystem surrounding the rare ikaite columns in Southwest Greenland appears to be recovering. Underwater videos provide insight into the colorful life within the exceptional columns.

At the bottom of Ikkafjord in Southwest Greenland, approximately 1,000 columns rise from the fjord floor. An underwater monument unique to Greenland, as it is found nowhere else in the world. The mineral columns are up to 20 meters tall and 8 meters wide and host a diverse range of animal and plant life.

Since 1995, the international and interdisciplinary IKKA project has studied the remarkable mineral columns in Ikkafjord, Southwest Greenland. The columns are made of the mineral ikaite. This fragile substance can only exist in seawater below approximately 6 degrees Celsius.

They have been under threat, but now researchers from the project bring good news.

Underwater footage reveals the life of the columns

A series of underwater videos from last summer’s expedition offers a unique glimpse into the world of the columns.

“The columns are fantastic to observe underwater,” says Gabrielle J. Stockmann, a geologist and project leader of an ongoing study on the columns.

“White and yellowish columns of all shapes, teeming with a diverse array of animal and plant life. Sea urchins, in particular, love grazing on these columns and can spend the entire day climbing up and down them. A special ecosystem thrives inside the columns – an el dorado of bacteria and algae,” she explains.

The ikaite columns in Southwest Greenland host diverse animal and plant life, including sea urchins.
Credit: Uli Kunz, SUBMARIS.

The heat threatened the columns – but the fjord has cooled again

In 2019, the sea temperature in the fjord exceeded the critical threshold of 6 degrees Celsius, and the life on the columns appeared to be at risk. But during fieldwork in the summer of 2024, researchers found that the seawater in the fjord had cooled again.

“We found that the seawater had become wonderfully cold again, only a few degrees above freezing. The many winter storms had managed to replace the seawater in Ikkafjord. Both the columns and the life on them seemed to be thriving again – much to the joy of both researchers and divers,” says Gabrielle J. Stockmann, who participated in the first investigations of the columns in 1995. Today, however, professional underwater photographers handle the filming.

Monitoring of climate change continues

Over the past 30 years, researchers have closely monitored the mineralogical and biological changes in the columns. In recent years, they have also installed sensors in the fjord to measure temperature and salinity. This work continues. For the ikaite columns are not only geological wonders but also important indicators of how climate change affects vulnerable Arctic ecosystems.

The video at the top of the article and all still images: Uli Kunz, SUBMARIS.

About the IKKA project

The IKKA project is a collaboration between Aarhus University, Universthe ity of Copenhagen, Imperial College London, Universthe ity of Iceland, Stockholm University, and Universthe ity of Gothenburg.

In the project’s early years, divers brought TV cameras and microphones so researchers could follow the work live from a platform and direct them to relevant sampling sites. In recent years, professional underwater photographers Uli Kunz and Florian Huber have been responsible for documenting the columns.

Biology Climate change Geology Greenland Ocean